Access to subsidies, financial transparency & abuse of state resources in elections by democracy and income levels

Note: The plot depicts the relationship between the access (higher values - fairer access) to state subsidies for campaigning, publication of financial accounts (higher values - more transparency), on the one hand, and the abuse of state resources (higher values - more abuse), on the other hand. Additionally, it breaks down this relationship by the level of democratic development (colour) and GDP per capita (larger points - higher GDP). Overall, democracy and wealth are associated with fairer access to subsidies and more transparency of financial accounts than partly free and non-free regimes. Data reflects expert opinions. Use the mouse to rotate/spin, zoom in, and hover over the plot for more details. Data source: (Garnett et al., 2022)

References

Garnett, H. A., James, T. S., & MacGregor, M. (2022). Perceptions of Electoral Integrity, (PEI-8.0). https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/YSNYXD